SS-31 (Elamipretide)
SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeted peptide that stabilizes mitochondrial function. It reduces oxidative stress and boosts ATP energy generation, making it key for research on mitochondrial dysfunction and aging.
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SS-31 (Elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide that selectively binds to cardiolipin, a phospholipid found exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane. By stabilizing mitochondrial structure and function, SS-31 reduces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhances ATP generation, and improves mitochondrial bioenergetics. It is widely studied for its role in addressing oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and age-related cellular decline.
– Form: Lyophilized peptide
– Purity: >99%
– Origin: Manufactured and tested in the USA
– Documentation: Certificate of Analysis (COA) included
SS-31 binds to cardiolipin in the mitochondrial inner membrane, preserving its structure and function under stress. This interaction stabilizes the electron transport chain (ETC), reduces ROS leakage, and protects against lipid peroxidation. The result is enhanced ATP production and reduced oxidative damage, making SS-31 a valuable tool in mitochondrial and age-related disease research.
– Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress models
– Cardiovascular and neurodegenerative research
– Studies on aging and cellular senescence
– Renal and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury models
– Metabolic efficiency and bioenergetic profiling
– Enhances mitochondrial efficiency and energy production
– Reduces oxidative damage and inflammation
– Protects cardiolipin and mitochondrial membranes
– Supports resilience in stress-related cellular models
Each vial is:
– Produced in a GMP-compliant U.S. facility
– Accompanied by a Certificate of Analysis (COA)
– Verified via HPLC and mass spectrometry
– Securely shipped with quality-control documentation
– Contents: 5mg SS-31 (Elamipretide) lyophilized peptide
– Appearance: White to off-white powder
– Solubility: Reconstitute with sterile bacteriostatic water
– Storage: Store at -20°C; refrigerate after reconstitution and use within 30 days
*For research use only. Not for human or veterinary consumption.*
– Intended for laboratory research only
– Not approved for human consumption or clinical use
– Buyer assumes all responsibility for legal research use
SS-31 stabilizes mitochondrial membranes, reduces oxidative stress, and improves energy production in stressed or aging cells.
It binds to cardiolipin to preserve mitochondrial membrane integrity, reduce ROS, and maintain optimal electron transport.
Yes, it is frequently used in studies related to aging, metabolic decline, and neurodegenerative conditions.
Every batch is tested for >99% purity using HPLC and mass spectrometry, and comes with a Certificate of Analysis (COA).
SS-31 (10mg/30mg/50mg Vials) Dosage Protocol
Quickstart Highlights
SS‑31 (elamipretide) is a mitochondria‑targeted tetrapeptide that selectively binds cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane[1], stabilizing electron transport chain complexes and reducing reactive oxygen species production while enhancing ATP synthesis[2]. This peptide has demonstrated protective effects in preclinical models of heart failure, neurodegenerative disease, and age‑related muscle atrophy, and received FDA accelerated approval in 2025 as the first treatment for Barth syndrome[3]. This educational protocol presents a once‑daily subcutaneous approach for all vial sizes with practical reconstitution for insulin‑syringe measurements.
- Choose Your Vial: Select 10mg, 30mg, or 50mg based on your dosing needs and protocol duration.
- Typical daily range: 5–10 mg once daily (gradual titration); advanced protocols may reach 15–20 mg/day under supervision.
- Easy measuring: Reconstitution volumes optimized for accurate U‑100 insulin syringe measurements.
- Storage: Lyophilized: freeze at −20 °C (−4 °F); after reconstitution, refrigerate at 2–8 °C (35.6–46.4 °F); use within 4 weeks.
Choose Your Vial Size
Select the vial size that best fits your research needs and protocol duration. All three options deliver the same high‑purity SS‑31 peptide.
SS-31 10mg Vial
- Best for: Short-term protocols (2-4 weeks) or testing tolerance
- Reconstitution: 1.0 mL bacteriostatic water → 10 mg/mL concentration
- Dosing at 10 mg/mL: 1 unit = 0.01 mL = 100 mcg
- 10 mg dose: 100 units (1.0 mL)
- Vials needed for 8 weeks @ 10mg/day: ≈ 50 vials
SS-31 30mg Vial
- Best for: Standard 8-12 week protocols
- Reconstitution: 3.0 mL bacteriostatic water → ~10 mg/mL concentration
- Dosing at 10 mg/mL: 1 unit = 0.01 mL = 100 mcg
- 10 mg dose: 100 units (1.0 mL)
- Vials needed for 8 weeks @ 10mg/day: ≈ 17 vials
SS-31 50mg Vial
- Best for: Extended protocols or cost‑effective bulk research
- Reconstitution: 3.0 mL bacteriostatic water → ~16.67 mg/mL concentration
- Dosing at 16.67 mg/mL: 1 unit = 0.01 mL ≈ 167 mcg
- 10 mg dose: 60 units (0.60 mL)
- Vials needed for 8 weeks @ 10mg/day: ≈ 10 vials
Dosing & Reconstitution Guide
Educational guide for reconstitution and daily dosing across all vial sizes
Standard / Gradual Approach
| Week | Daily Dose (mg) | 10mg Vial (1.0 mL) | 30mg Vial (3.0 mL) | 50mg Vial (3.0 mL) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weeks 1–2 | 5 mg (5000 mcg) | 50 units (0.50 mL) | 50 units (0.50 mL) | 30 units (0.30 mL) |
| Weeks 3–8 | 10 mg (10,000 mcg) | 100 units (1.0 mL) | 100 units (1.0 mL) | 60 units (0.60 mL) |
Frequency: Inject once daily subcutaneously at a consistent time. Begin with 5 mg daily for Weeks 1–2 to assess tolerance, then increase to 10 mg daily from Week 3 onward. This gradual titration follows clinical trial protocols[4][5].
Advanced / Aggressive Approach
| Week | Daily Dose (mg) | 10mg Vial | 30mg Vial | 50mg Vial |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weeks 1–2 | 5 mg | 50 units | 50 units | 30 units |
| Weeks 3–4 | 10 mg | 100 units | 100 units | 60 units |
| Weeks 5–8 | 15 mg | Split: 2 × 75 units | Split: 2 × 75 units | 90 units |
| Optional Weeks 9–12 | 20 mg | Split: 2 × 100 units | Split: 2 × 100 units | Split: 2 × 60 units |
Note: Advanced dosing (15–20 mg/day) is based on short‑term clinical trial protocols[4][5] for severe mitochondrial conditions and should only be pursued under medical supervision. Doses above 10 mg typically require splitting into two separate subcutaneous injections at different sites. Clinical trials have not extensively evaluated SS‑31 beyond 12 weeks.
Reconstitution Steps
- Draw appropriate bacteriostatic water volume:
- 10mg vial: 1.0 mL
- 30mg vial: 3.0 mL
- 50mg vial: 3.0 mL
- Inject slowly down the vial wall; avoid vigorous shaking to prevent foaming.
- Gently swirl/roll until fully dissolved (clear solution).
- Label with reconstitution date and refrigerate at 2–8 °C (35.6–46.4 °F), protected from light; use within 4 weeks.
Supplies Needed
Plan based on an 8–12 week daily protocol with gradual titration at 10 mg/day.
| Item | SS-31 10mg Vials | SS-31 30mg Vials | SS-31 50mg Vials |
|---|---|---|---|
| Peptide Vials (8 weeks @ 10mg/day) |
≈ 50 vials | ≈ 17 vials | ≈ 10 vials |
| Peptide Vials (12 weeks @ 10mg/day) |
≈ 77 vials | ≈ 26 vials | ≈ 16 vials |
| Bacteriostatic Water (per vial reconstitution) |
1.0 mL each | 3.0 mL each | 3.0 mL each |
| Insulin Syringes (U‑100, 1 mL capacity) |
56 syringes (8 weeks) 84 syringes (12 weeks) |
56 syringes (8 weeks) 84 syringes (12 weeks) |
56 syringes (8 weeks) 84 syringes (12 weeks) |
| Alcohol Swabs (2 per injection) |
112 swabs (8 weeks) 168 swabs (12 weeks) |
112 swabs (8 weeks) 168 swabs (12 weeks) |
112 swabs (8 weeks) 168 swabs (12 weeks) |
Protocol Overview
Concise summary of the once‑daily subcutaneous regimen.
- Goal: Support mitochondrial function, enhance ATP production, and reduce oxidative stress[1][2].
- Schedule: Daily subcutaneous injections for 8–12 weeks (clinical trials typically 4–12 weeks).
- Dose Range: 5–10 mg daily (standard); 15–20 mg daily (advanced, under supervision).
- Reconstitution: Volume varies by vial size for convenient single‑syringe administration.
- Storage: Lyophilized frozen at −20 °C (−4 °F); reconstituted refrigerated at 2–8 °C (35.6–46.4 °F); use within 4 weeks.
Storage Instructions
Proper storage preserves peptide stability and potency across all vial sizes.
- Lyophilized: Store at −20 °C (−4 °F) in original sealed vial; keep dry and protected from light. Stable for months when frozen.
- Reconstituted: Refrigerate at 2–8 °C (35.6–46.4 °F) immediately after mixing; use within 4 weeks for optimal stability.
- Avoid freeze–thaw: Do not refreeze reconstituted solution; prepare aliquots if needed to minimize temperature fluctuations.
- Allow refrigerated vials to reach room temperature before opening to reduce condensation inside the vial.
Dosing Protocol
Suggested daily titration approach based on clinical trial protocols[4][5].
- Start: 5 mg daily for Weeks 1–2 to assess individual tolerance.
- Standard Target: 10 mg daily by Week 3 (most common clinical trial dose).
- Advanced Target: 15–20 mg daily for Weeks 5+ (only for severe conditions under medical oversight).
- Frequency: Once per day (subcutaneous injection); maintain consistent timing.
- Cycle Length: 8–12 weeks; limited data exists beyond 12 weeks.
- Timing: Any consistent time; rotate injection sites to prevent tissue irritation.
Important Notes
Practical considerations for consistency, safety, and tolerability across all vial sizes.
- Use new sterile insulin syringes for each injection; dispose in a sharps container immediately after use.
- Rotate injection sites systematically (abdomen, thighs, upper arms) to reduce local irritation and prevent lipohypertrophy[14].
- Inject slowly over several seconds; wait briefly before withdrawing the needle to prevent leakage.
- Mild injection‑site reactions (redness, itching, transient discomfort) are the most common side effects reported in clinical trials[4][6]; these typically resolve within hours.
- Document daily dose, injection site, and any adverse reactions to maintain consistency and identify patterns.
- For doses requiring split injections (≥15 mg for 10mg/30mg vials, 20 mg for 50mg vial), space injections at least 2 inches apart on different body regions.
How This Works
SS‑31 (elamipretide) is a cell‑permeable tetrapeptide with a unique mechanism of action targeting mitochondrial dysfunction[1]. The peptide selectively accumulates in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it binds to cardiolipin, a specialized phospholipid essential for organizing electron transport chain supercomplexes and maintaining cristae structure[2][7]. By stabilizing cardiolipin‑protein interactions, SS‑31 optimizes electron transport efficiency, reduces pathological reactive oxygen species generation, and enhances ATP synthesis in metabolically active tissues[8].
Preclinical research demonstrated that SS‑31 protects against mitochondrial dysfunction across multiple disease models including heart failure, ischemia‑reperfusion injury, neurodegeneration, chronic kidney disease, and age‑related muscle atrophy[9]. In human clinical trials, SS‑31 showed favorable safety and tolerability profiles with no dose‑limiting toxicities[4][5]. While Phase II trials in heart failure and primary mitochondrial myopathy did not meet primary efficacy endpoints, the TAZPOWER trial in Barth syndrome demonstrated significant improvements in muscle strength and six‑minute walk distance, leading to FDA accelerated approval in 2025[3][10].
Potential Benefits & Side Effects
Observations from preclinical models and human clinical trials.
Potential Benefits:
- Stabilizes mitochondrial membranes and optimizes electron transport chain function[1][2].
- Enhances ATP production and reduces pathological reactive oxygen species in metabolically active tissues[8].
- Demonstrated functional improvements in Barth syndrome patients (increased muscle strength, improved exercise capacity)[3][10].
- Shows protective effects in preclinical models of heart failure, neurodegenerative disease, and age‑related muscle atrophy[9].
- Does not significantly alter blood pressure, heart rate, or standard laboratory parameters in clinical trials[4].
Common Side Effects:
- Injection‑site reactions (most common): Mild‑to‑moderate redness, itching, or transient discomfort at injection site; typically resolves within hours[4][6].
- Approximately 80% of patients in clinical trials experienced mild injection‑site reactions[6].
- No dose‑limiting toxicities or serious adverse events directly attributed to SS‑31 in published trials[4][5].
- Long‑term safety data beyond 12 weeks remains limited; extended use requires monitoring.
Lifestyle Factors
Complementary strategies to support mitochondrial health and optimize outcomes.
- Nutrition: Emphasize mitochondrial cofactors including B‑vitamins, CoQ10, magnesium, and alpha‑lipoic acid; maintain adequate protein intake to support muscle maintenance.
- Exercise: Combine resistance training with aerobic activity to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and enhance oxidative capacity; tailor intensity to individual tolerance.
- Sleep: Prioritize 7–9 hours of quality sleep to support cellular repair processes and optimize mitochondrial turnover through autophagy.
- Stress Management: Chronic stress increases oxidative burden; incorporate stress‑reduction practices such as meditation, breathwork, or yoga.
- Avoid Mitotoxins: Minimize exposure to substances that impair mitochondrial function, including excessive alcohol, certain medications (when possible), and environmental toxins.
Injection Technique
General subcutaneous injection guidance from clinical best‑practice resources[11][12].
- Site Preparation: Clean the vial stopper and injection site with alcohol swabs; allow to air‑dry completely (30–60 seconds) before proceeding[13].
- Drawing the Dose: Use a new sterile insulin syringe for each injection; draw the prescribed volume from the refrigerated vial; remove any visible air bubbles by gently tapping the syringe.
- Injection Angle: Pinch a fold of skin (approximately 1–2 inches); insert the needle at 45–90° depending on subcutaneous tissue thickness (90° for most adults; 45° if very lean)[11][12].
- Administration: Do not aspirate for subcutaneous injections[11]; inject slowly and steadily over 3–5 seconds; wait 5–10 seconds before withdrawing the needle to minimize leakage.
- Site Rotation: Rotate systematically between injection sites (abdomen at least 2 inches from navel, outer thighs, upper arms, upper buttocks) to prevent lipohypertrophy and local irritation[14].
- Post‑Injection: Apply gentle pressure with a clean alcohol swab or cotton ball for a few seconds; do not massage the site vigorously. A small bandage may be applied if needed.
- Disposal: Immediately place used syringes in a designated sharps container; never recap needles or dispose of them in regular trash.
Recommended Source
We recommend Shop Peptides Direct for high‑purity SS‑31 in all vial sizes (10mg, 30mg, 50mg).
Why Shop Peptides Direct?
- High‑purity, third‑party‑tested peptides with batch‑specific Certificates of Analysis (COAs).
- Consistent manufacturing processes aligned with quality standards and documented handling procedures.
- Reliable fulfillment and cold‑chain logistics to maintain peptide integrity during shipping.
- Transparent product information and responsive customer support for research applications.
Important Note
This content is intended for therapeutic educational purposes only and does not constitute medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. SS‑31 is currently FDA‑approved only for Barth syndrome under the brand name Forzinity; use for other conditions remains investigational. Always consult with qualified healthcare professionals before beginning any peptide protocol. This information is provided for research and educational purposes only.
References
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International Journal of Molecular Sciences (MDPI) — Elamipretide: comprehensive review of structure, mechanism of action, and therapeutic potential
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British Journal of Pharmacology (PMC) — Cardiolipin‑binding mechanism and mitochondrial membrane stabilization by SS‑31
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U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) — FDA grants accelerated approval to elamipretide (Forzinity) as first treatment for Barth syndrome (2025)
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Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC) — PROGRESS‑HF trial: safety and tolerability of elamipretide in heart failure patients
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Neurology (AAN Journals) — MMPOWER‑2 trial: elamipretide in primary mitochondrial myopathy
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Genetics in Medicine (Nature) — TAZPOWER trial: efficacy and safety of elamipretide in Barth syndrome
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Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Bioenergetics — Cardiolipin remodeling and cristae structure: role in mitochondrial function
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Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology (PMC) — SS‑31 reduces oxidative stress and improves mitochondrial bioenergetics
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Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation — Cognitive Vitality Report: SS‑31 (elamipretide) preclinical and clinical overview
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Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases (PMC) — Barth syndrome: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and emerging therapies
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